easy · FRM Part 2 Market Risk

In the Kupiec Likelihood Ratio test, what does the null hypothesis (H_0) state?

  1. The total number of VaR exceptions observed must equal zero exactly.
  2. The true probability of an exception is equal to the target level (1 - α).
  3. The model's Expected Shortfall must be less than its reported VaR figure.
  4. The exceptions observed must be statistically independent and identically distributed.

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