medium · GMAT Verbal

In the late 20th century, many firms shifted away from vertical integration toward outsourcing to specialized suppliers.

What led to this shift?

  1. Falling transaction costs driven by improved technology and standardized contract law.
  2. Government regulations mandating the breakup of large industrial monopolies.
  3. A sudden spike in the cost of raw materials such as steel and oil.
  4. A worldwide shortage of skilled labor that made in-house production impossible.
  5. Newly available evidence that integrated firms are invariably less innovative than specialized ones.

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