hard · SAT Reading & Writing

Economists have long debated whether 'loss aversion'—the tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains—is a universal human trait. A recent study found that in certain cultures where communal sharing is the primary survival strategy, individuals displayed significantly lower levels of loss aversion than those in market-based economies. The researchers concluded that the psychological weight of a loss is not an inherent biological constant but is instead ______ the prevailing social and economic structures.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

  1. Independent of
  2. Reminiscent of
  3. Contingent on
  4. Precluded by

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