hard · SAT Reading & Writing

Which choice most logically completes the text? While studying the expansion of the Roman Empire, historian Lucas Feld observed that the construction of paved roads often preceded the formal administrative annexation of a territory. Because these roads facilitated trade and the movement of goods long before they served military purposes, Feld argues that economic integration ______ formal political control.

1. May have acted as a precursor to
2. Was the sole cause of every instance of
3. Rendered military force unnecessary during
4. Is entirely unrelated to the establishment of

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