medium · LSAT Logical Reasoning

No one who has not passed the bar exam is a licensed attorney. All licensed attorneys in this jurisdiction must carry malpractice insurance. Therefore, if Sarah is a licensed attorney in this jurisdiction, she has passed the bar exam.

The reasoning in the argument is

  1. valid, because the conclusion follows necessarily once the first premise is read as making bar passage a requirement of being an attorney.
  2. valid, because the requirement that Sarah carry malpractice insurance entails that she passed the bar.
  3. flawed, because it mistakes a condition necessary for being an attorney for one that is sufficient.
  4. flawed, because it overlooks that a person can pass the bar exam without becoming a licensed attorney.
  5. valid, because no licensed attorney anywhere could possibly have skipped the bar exam.

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