medium · LSAT Logical Reasoning

No one who has not passed the bar exam is a licensed attorney. All licensed attorneys in this jurisdiction must carry malpractice insurance. Therefore, if Sarah is a licensed attorney in this jurisdiction, she has passed the bar exam.

The reasoning in the argument is

  1. valid, because the conclusion follows necessarily once the first premise makes bar passage a requirement of being an attorney.
  2. valid, because the requirement that Sarah carry malpractice insurance by itself entails that she has passed the bar.
  3. flawed, because it mistakes a condition that is merely necessary for being an attorney for one that is fully sufficient.
  4. flawed, because it overlooks that a person can pass the bar exam without ever going on to become a licensed attorney.
  5. valid, because the malpractice-insurance premise, on its own, is what establishes that Sarah has already passed the bar exam.

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