medium · LSAT Logical Reasoning

Any ordinance that is both retroactive and punitive is unconstitutional unless it concerns wartime conduct. Ordinance Q is retroactive and punitive, does not concern wartime conduct, and was enacted. Therefore, Q is unconstitutional despite having been enacted.

Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above?

  1. Any policy that is both costly and secret is invalid unless temporary. Policy P is costly, secret, temporary, and adopted. Therefore, P is valid despite adoption.
  2. Any policy both costly and secret is invalid unless temporary. P is costly, secret, not temporary, and adopted. Therefore P is invalid despite adoption.
  3. Any policy that is costly or secret is invalid unless temporary. Policy P is costly, permanent, and adopted. Therefore P is invalid.
  4. Any policy both costly and secret is invalid if temporary. P is costly, secret, permanent, and adopted. Therefore it is invalid despite adoption.
  5. Any costly and secret policy is invalid unless temporary. P is not temporary and adopted. Therefore P is invalid.

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