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Passage: Susan Moller Okin argued that most theories of justice are 'gender-blind' in a way that ignores the domestic sphere. By focusing only on the public world of work and politics, these theories overlook the unequal distribution of labor within the family. Okin contended that as long as women perform the bulk of unpaid domestic work and childcare, they are denied the 'substantive' equality required for true justice. This domestic inequality limits women's opportunities in the public sphere and creates a cycle of dependence. Therefore, justice 'within' the family is a prerequisite for justice 'within' the state. A just society must ensure that the costs and benefits of family life are distributed fairly between men and women.
Based on Okin's argument, which of the following policies would most directly promote distributive justice?
- Increasing the number of women serving in high-level government and corporate leadership positions.
- Passing laws that ensure men and women are paid the same hourly wage for the same professional work.
- Implementing a gender-neutral, subsidized childcare system that is available to all working parents.
- A public awareness campaign encouraging women to negotiate for higher salaries in the workplace.
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