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Passage: Non-cognitivism suggests that moral statements do not express beliefs but rather function as expressions of emotion or imperatives. To say 'stealing is wrong' is, for the emotivist, equivalent to saying 'Boo to stealing!' This view avoids the 'Queerness' problem of moral realism—the difficulty of explaining what kind of objective entity a 'moral fact' could be. Yet, non-cognitivism struggles to account for moral reasoning. If I say 'If lying is wrong, then getting your brother to lie is wrong,' I am not shouting 'Boo' at a conditional; I am performing a logical operation. This suggests that moral claims have a propositional structure that emotive outbursts lack. Question: A philosopher argues that moral language is used to 'coordinate social behavior through shared attitudes.'

How would the author of the passage most likely categorize this philosopher's view?

  1. As a strict logical proof that every moral statement must always be propositional and fully truth-apt.
  2. As an irrelevant contribution that fails to meaningfully engage the underlying cognitivism-emotivism debate.
  3. As a form of non-cognitivism that still fails to address the problem of logical structure in moral arguments.
  4. As a robust defense of moral realism, since it treats shared attitudes as grounded in objective mind-independent social facts.

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