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Passage: Civil religion refers to the set of sacred beliefs, symbols, and rituals that emerge within a secular state to foster national unity. Unlike sectarian religions, civil religion does not require adherence to a specific deity or creed, but rather to the hallowed ideals of the nation—liberty, democracy, and equality. It possesses its own 'saints' in the form of founding figures and its own 'shrines' in national monuments. Critics suggest that civil religion is merely a form of idolatrous nationalism that can be used to justify state violence. However, proponents argue that without such a shared symbolic framework, large and diverse populations would lack the common identity necessary for social cohesion. Civil religion thus occupies a middle ground, providing the moral gravity of religion without its divisive sectarianism. civil religion differs from sectarian religion primarily because it:

1. Is invoked mainly by the secular state to justify its own use of violence.
2. Focuses on national values rather than a specific religious creed.
3. Fails entirely to provide any sense of identity or social cohesion.
4. Avoids all use of rituals, sacred symbols, and hallowed language.

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