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Passage: Modern 'global' historiography argues that the Atlantic revolutions of the late eighteenth century were not isolated national events but part of a single, interconnected 'Atlantic System.' This perspective emphasizes the flow of people, ideas, and commodities across the ocean, linking the struggles in Philadelphia, Paris, and Saint-Domingue. For instance, the fiscal crisis of the French monarchy was partially driven by its involvement in the American War of Independence, and the ideas of the 'Rights of Man' were quickly radicalized by enslaved people in the Caribbean. By studying these events as a global web, historians move away from 'methodological nationalism'—the assumption that the nation-state is the only natural unit of historical analysis. This approach highlights how local crises are often symptoms of international pressures. The author's use of the term 'methodological nationalism' is most nearly intended to describe a:

1. A political ideology holding that one's own nation is superior to all others
2. A statistical method economists use to calculate a revolutionary state's total output
3. A worldwide activist movement organized to permanently eliminate every existing nation-state
4. A narrow scholarly focus that limits analysis to the boundaries of a single country.

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