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Passage: Evolutionary debunking arguments are often met with the 'No-Over-Detection' defense. While evolution might explain our *initial* moral impulses, it cannot explain our ability to refine those impulses through reason. We evolved a sense of 'fairness' for small tribes, but reason allowed us to extend that fairness to distant strangers and even other species—an expansion that provides no reproductive advantage. This suggests that reason can 'over-detect' and eventually track objective moral truths that were not the original targets of natural selection.

Question: Which of the following is most analogous to the 'No-Over-Detection' defense described ?

  1. Humans evolved a grip for climbing trees, but now use that same grip to play the piano and write poetry.
  2. A computer program designed to play chess that eventually learns how to also play checkers.
  3. A student learning basic addition and then using it to balance their checkbook.
  4. A bird developing a more colorful plumage to attract a mate in a new environment.

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