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Passage: Robert Nozick's entitlement theory of justice centers on the principle that a distribution is just if it arises from a prior just distribution through legitimate means. For Nozick, the 'historical' nature of justice means we cannot judge a distribution simply by looking at its current shape or 'pattern'—such as whether it is equal or based on merit. If individuals choose to trade their resources freely, any resulting inequality is inherently just because it respects the self-ownership and liberty of the participants. Any state intervention to redistribute wealth to fit a pre-conceived pattern, Nozick famously argued, is 'on a par with forced labor' because it seizes the fruits of a person's time and exertion.
Which of the following hypothetical findings would most seriously weaken Nozick's argument that free exchanges maintain justice over time?
- A study showing that voluntary trades often lead to significant wealth gaps that reduce the overall happiness of the population.
- Data suggesting that individuals often make irrational choices when engaging in free-market transactions.
- An analysis proving that patterned distributions, like equal wealth, actually promote higher economic growth.
- Historical evidence demonstrating that initial resource acquisitions were almost universally characterized by coercion or theft.
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