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A clinical study reports a correlation coefficient of r = +0.85 between daily exercise duration and cardiovascular health scores, with a p-value of 0.02.

Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this p-value?

  1. Roughly 85% of the variation in cardiovascular health scores can supposedly be explained by exercise duration.
  2. The probability of the researchers committing a Type I error in this particular study is exactly 2 percent, no more, no less.
  3. There is a 98% probability that the researchers' original hypothesis that exercise directly improves health is actually correct.
  4. There is a 2% probability of obtaining a correlation this strong if the null hypothesis (no actual relationship) were true.

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