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A passage argues: "We are told that the proliferation of personal data has made privacy obsolete, that the only rational response is resignation. But this counsel mistakes a contingent arrangement for a law of nature. The architecture of surveillance was built by particular firms pursuing particular incentives; it can be rebuilt. To declare privacy dead is not to describe the world but to excuse those who profit from its death."

Which of the following, if true, would MOST undermine the author's central argument?

  1. Empirical studies show that the dominant data-collection systems arose from network effects and infrastructural lock-in that no single firm chose and that resist redesign even when firms are willing.
  2. Surveys reveal that most consumers say they value privacy in principle but routinely and knowingly trade it away for minor conveniences like discounts or faster checkout when given the choice.
  3. The firms that built and profited from the surveillance architecture have recently announced new privacy-protecting features and stricter defaults in response to mounting public and regulatory pressure.
  4. Some philosophers define privacy in ways so abstract and mutually inconsistent that no single concrete policy could ever satisfy every proposed definition at once, across all cultural and social contexts.

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