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Passage: Neocolonialism operates through the seductive logic of 'aid' and 'debt,' replacing the direct violence of the colonial soldier with the structural violence of the international bank. By saddling Global South nations with insurmountable debt, Western powers ensure that these countries must prioritize debt service over social spending. This creates a cycle of dependency that is functionally identical to the extractive economics of the 19th century. The 'sovereignty' of the debtor nation is a legal fiction; its economic policies are dictated by the conditions of its loans, transforming the state into an administrative arm for global capital. The flag may have changed, but the flow of wealth remains consistently upward, toward the same metropolitan centers that once claimed the world as their rightful property.

Which of the following phrases from the passage best captures the author's central thesis?

  1. Western powers ensure that debtor countries prioritize debt service.
  2. The flag may have changed, but the flow of wealth remains consistently upward.
  3. Neocolonialism operates through the seductive logic of 'foreign aid' and 'debt.'
  4. The 'sovereignty' of the debtor nation is merely a legal fiction, not economic reality.

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